Amelioration of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by targeting adhesion G protein-coupled receptor F1 (Adgrf1).

Background: Recent research has shown that the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor F1 (Adgrf1; also known as GPR110; PGR19; KPG_012; hGPCR36) is an oncogene. The evidence is mainly based on high expression of Adgrf1 in numerous cancer types, and knockdown Adgrf1 can reduce the cell migration, invasion, and proliferation. Adgrf1 is, however, mostly expressed in the liver of healthy individuals. The function of Adgrf1 in liver has not been revealed. Interestingly, expression level of hepatic Adgrf1 is dramatically decreased in obese subjects. Here, the research examined whether Adgrf1 has a role in liver metabolism. Methods: We used recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery system, and antisense oligonucleotide was used to manipulate the hepatic Adgrf1 expression level in diet-induced obese mice to investigate the role of Adgrf1 in hepatic steatosis. The clinical relevance was examined using transcriptome profiling and archived biopsy specimens of liver tissues from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients with different degree of fatty liver. Results: The expression of Adgrf1 in the liver was directly correlated to fat content in the livers of both obese mice and NAFLD patients. Stearoyl-coA desaturase 1 (Scd1), a crucial enzyme in hepatic de novo lipogenesis, was identified as a downstream target of Adgrf1 by RNA-sequencing analysis. Treatment with the liver-specific Scd1 inhibitor MK8245 and specific shRNAs against Scd1 in primary hepatocytes improved the hepatic steatosis of Adgrf1-overexpressing mice and lipid profile of hepatocytes, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate Adgrf1 regulates hepatic lipid metabolism through controlling the expression of Scd1. Downregulation of Adgrf1 expression can potentially serve as a protective mechanism to stop the overaccumulation of fat in the liver in obese subjects. Overall, the above findings not only reveal a new mechanism regulating the progression of NAFLD, but also proposed a novel therapeutic approach to combat NAFLD by targeting Adgrf1. Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81870586), Area of Excellence (AoE/M-707/18), and General Research Fund (15101520) to CMW, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82270941, 81974117) to SJ.

Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing numerous medical conditions including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), where excess fat accumulates in the liver. NAFLD is a major global health issue affecting about 25% of the world's population and, if left untreated, can lead to liver inflammation as well as serious complications such as type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and liver cancer. Currently, there are no medications which specifically treat NFALD. Instead, only medications which help to manage the associated health complications are available. Therefore, a better understanding of NFALD is required to help to develop new strategies for diagnosing and treating the progression of this disease. A family of proteins known as GPCRs have crucial roles in regulating various bodily processes and are therefore commonly targeted for the treatment of disease. By identifying the GPCRs specifically involved in liver fat accumulation, new treatments for NFALD could be identified. Previous studies identified a GPCR known as Adgrf1 that is mainly found in liver cells, but its role remained unclear. To investigate the function of Adgrf1 in the liver, Wu et al. studied obese mice and human patients with NAFLD. The experiments showed that elevated levels of Adgrf1 in human and mouse livers led to increased fat accumulation. On the other hand, livers with lower levels of Adgrf1 exhibited reduced fat levels. A technique called RNA sequencing revealed that Adgrf1 induces expression of enzymes involved in fat synthesis, including a key regulator called Scd1. Treating mice with high levels of liver fat with molecules that inhibit Scd1 decreased the symptoms of Adgrf1-mediated fatty liver disease. These findings suggest therapies that decrease the levels of Adgrf1 may help to stop too much fat accumulating in the liver of human patients who are at risk of developing NAFLD. Further research is needed to confirm the effectiveness and safety of targeting Adgrf1 in humans and to develop suitable candidate drugs for the task.

Presentations of patients of poisoning and predictors of poisoning-related fatality: findings from a hospital-based prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Poisoning is a significant public health problem worldwide and is one of the most common reasons for visiting emergency departments (EDs), but factors that help to predict overall poisoning-related fatality have rarely been elucidated. Using 1512 subjects from a hospital-based study, we sought to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of poisoning patients and to identify predictors for poisoning-related fatality. METHODS: Between January 2001 and December 2002 we prospectively recruited poisoning patients through the EDs of two medical centers in southwest Taiwan. Interviews were conducted with patients within 24 hours after admission to collect relevant information. We made comparisons between survival and fatality cases, and used logistic regressions to identify predictors of fatality. RESULTS: A total of 1512 poisoning cases were recorded at the EDs during the study period, corresponding to an average of 4.2 poisonings per 1000 ED visits. These cases involved 828 women and 684 men with a mean age of 38.8 years, although most patients were between 19 and 50 years old (66.8%), and 29.4% were 19 to 30 years. Drugs were the dominant poisoning agents involved (49.9%), followed by pesticides (14.5%). Of the 1512 patients, 63 fatalities (4.2%) occurred. Paraquat exposure was associated with an extremely high fatality rate (72.1%). The significant predictors for fatality included age over 61 years, insufficient respiration, shock status, abnormal heart rate, abnormal body temperature, suicidal intent and paraquat exposure. CONCLUSION: In addition to well-recognized risk factors for fatality in clinical settings, such as old age and abnormal vital signs, we found that suicidal intent and ingestion of paraquat were significant predictors of poisoning-related fatality. Identification of these predictors may help risk stratification and the development of preventive interventions.

Protective effects of N-acetylcysteine treatment post acute paraquat intoxication in rats and in human lung epithelial cells.

An animal study in rats and a cell culture study in normal human lung epithelial cells were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) in paraquat intoxication and associated inflammatory and oxidative stress. The effectiveness of post treatment was measured by the change of mortality rates and markers of oxidative stress, including glutathione, malondialdehyde and superoxide anion production. In addition, the levels of nitric oxide were also examined in both animal and cell culture system. NAC treatment does significantly increase the probability of survival in paraquat-intoxicated rats. It can suppress the serum malondialdehyde levels and production of superoxide anions, and conversely, augment total glutathione concentrations in all studying tissues significantly. Moreover, NAC treatment post in paraquat intoxication could reduce destruction of lung tissue, showing less inflammatory cell infiltration in interstitial stroma and mild vascular congestion. The levels of nitrite in serum and BALF were lower than those of the PQ-treated rats. Similarly, levels of iNOS expression and nitrite formation were significantly lower in normal human lung epithelial cells treated with PQ and NAC than PQ-treated alone cells.

Nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to tuberculous meningitis: report of two cases.

Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, one of the life-threatening diseases seen in Emergency Departments, is rarely caused by conditions other than rupture of saccular aneurysms. We report two cases of suspected tuberculous meningitis complicated with nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage confirmed by conventional cerebral angiography. Tuberculous meningitis should be considered in the differential diagnoses in cases of nonaneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, especially in tuberculosis endemic areas.